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- #Graphpad prism 6 grouped graph inputting 2x2 design skin
- #Graphpad prism 6 grouped graph inputting 2x2 design software
This might be attributed to homogenous encapsulation of DEET into the microparticles, which was supported by the low PDI value of <0.5. Instead, a slow and controlled drug release was observed over time ( Figure 4). The drug release curves for DEET microparticles showed that there was no initial burst release of the drug from the formulation. Similar peaks were recorded for chitosan-TPP microparticles, indicating no incompatibility between DEET and the excipients used. TPP showed two characteristic peaks at 1209.47 cm -1 corresponding to phosphate (P=O) symmetric and anti-symmetric stretching vibrations (O-P=O), respectively. In addition to this, a band corresponding to amine (NH 2) group was also observed seen at 1588.73 cm -1. The band at 2875.90 cm -1 represented-CH stretching and band at 1645.99 cm -1 indicated C=O (carbonyl) corresponding to the amide group from-CONH. 24 In case of chitosan, the peak at 3354.85 cm -1 was contributed by-NH stretching vibration. The presence of C-C stretching was observed at 1427.59 cm -1. 23 The peak at 1583.77 cm -1 was contributed by C-C stretching of aromatic ring. The band present at 1626.39 cm -1 might be contributed by C=O stretching of the amide bond. Therefore, the release of DEET from the microparticles, developed using ionic gelation technique, could be modulated by changing the concentration of chitosan and TPP.Īs shown in Figure 3, the spectrum for DEET showed two bands at 2971.27 cm -.59 cm -1 corresponding to CH 3 asymmetric stretch and symmetric stretch, respectively. However, chitosan and TPP concentrations showed significant effect on drug release of DEET microparticles (p=0.038) ( Figure 1). Statistical design was considered to be significant for p0.05), for the selected concentrations. In the present study, two factorial design and statistical design of the responses were applied to the optimized formulations. 22 To study the significance of the concentration of chitosan and TPP in the development of DEET microparticles, three responses including particle size, entrapment efficiency, and drug release were considered.
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#Graphpad prism 6 grouped graph inputting 2x2 design software
Optimization of microparticle preparation using design expert softwareĭesign expert software was used to design the experiments for optimizing microparticle formulations. The steady state flux (J), representing the amount of drug permeated per unit area, was determined from the linear plot. 20 To generate permeation profile curves, the cumulative amount of drug permeated (µg/cm 2) was plotted as a function of time. The samples were collected from the receptor compartments at predetermined time points up to 24 hours and immediately replaced with equal volume of fresh receptor medium. The solution in the receptor compartment was stirred continuously using a magnetic stirring rod. The formulation was loaded into the donor compartment, while the receptor compartment was filled with PBS at pH 7.4. Strat-M ® membrane was placed between the donor and receptor compartment. 19 Static Franz diffusion cells having donor and receptor capacities of approximately 1 and 2 mL, respectively, were used for the permeation experiments. In vitro permeation of the formulation was performed using synthetic Strat-M ® membrane. In vitro permeation of DEET across synthetic Strat-M ® membrane Factorial design was employed to obtain an appropriate mathematical model for optimizing the composition of the formulation. These chitosan-based microparticles were further assessed for their rheological properties, in vitro drug release, and permeation ability.
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#Graphpad prism 6 grouped graph inputting 2x2 design skin
8 In the present study, DEET encapsulated chitosan microparticles were synthesized to achieve a controlled release of DEET while ensuring lower skin permeation. 7 Chitosan-based nanoparticles or microparticles have been shown to allow a controlled release of the encapsulated contents assisted by the slow erosion of the polymer. Generally, compounds having MW 300 nm are unable to penetrate through the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin. However, DEET can easily permeate through the skin and can enter the systemic circulation owing to its low molecular weight and a favorable octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) of 2.1. Therefore, DEET must remain on the skin surface, instead of getting absorbed into the skin, to ensure ideal activity. 1 The unique odor of this insect repellent allows it to act from a certain distance, not too far from the applied surface. N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) is a well-known broad-spectrum insect repellent that has been shown to be effective against a variety of insects, including mosquitos, bugs, and mites.